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''The New Yorker'' is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast. Started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the cultural life of New York City, ''The New Yorker'' has a wide audience outside of New York. It is well known for its illustrated and often topical covers, its commentaries on popular culture and eccentric Americana, its attention to modern fiction by the inclusion of short stories and literary reviews, its rigorous fact checking and copyediting, its journalism on politics and social issues, and its single-panel cartoons sprinkled throughout each issue. ==History== ''The New Yorker'' debuted on February 21, 1925. It was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a ''New York Times'' reporter. Ross wanted to create a sophisticated humor magazine that would be different from perceivably "corny" humor publications such as ''Judge'', where he had worked, or ''Life''. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann (who founded the General Baking Company〔http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/timeline〕) to establish the F-R Publishing Company and established the magazine's first offices at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951. During the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine: "It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque."〔(''Dubuque Journal; The Slight That Years, All 75, Can't Erase'' ), Dirk Johnson, ''The New York Times'', August 5, 1999.〕 Although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Hersey's essay ''Hiroshima'' filled an entire issue. In subsequent decades the magazine published short stories by many of the most respected writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Ann Beattie, Truman Capote, John Cheever, Roald Dahl, Mavis Gallant, Geoffrey Hellman, John McNulty, Joseph Mitchell, Alice Munro, Haruki Murakami, Vladimir Nabokov, John O'Hara, Dorothy Parker, Philip Roth, J. D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" drew more mail than any other story in the magazine's history. In its early decades, the magazine sometimes published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. While some styles and themes recur more often than others in its fiction, the stories are marked less by uniformity than by variety, and they have ranged from Updike's introspective domestic narratives to the surrealism of Donald Barthelme, and from parochial accounts of the lives of neurotic New Yorkers to stories set in a wide range of locations and eras and translated from many languages. Writers like Kurt Vonnegut said that ''The New Yorker'' has been an effective institution for getting a large audience through the learning process required for appreciating modern literature. Kurt Vonnegut's 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey, published in ''The New Fiction'' and in ''Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut'', contained a discussion of ''The New Yorker''s influence: :One thing we used to talk about – when I was out in Iowa – was that the limiting factor is the reader. No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the reader's being a good performer, and you may write music which he absolutely can't perform – in which case it's a bust. Those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. It's a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a very good institution of the sort needed. They have a captive audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance, and are able to perform that sort of thing in their heads and enjoy it. I think the same is true of S. J. Perelman; I do not think that Perelman would be appreciated if suddenly his collected works were to be published now to be seen for the first time. It would be gibberish. A learning process is required to appreciate Perelman, although it's very easy to do once you learn how to do it. Yeah, I think the readers are coming along; that's a problem; I think writers have tried to do it always and have failed because there's been no audience for what they've done; nobody's performed their music. The non-fiction feature articles (which usually make up the bulk of the magazine's content) cover an eclectic array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, and Münchausen syndrome by proxy. The magazine is notable for its editorial traditions. Under the rubric ''Profiles'', it publishes articles about notable people such as Ernest Hemingway, Henry R. Luce and Marlon Brando, Hollywood restaurateur Michael Romanoff, magician Ricky Jay and mathematicians David and Gregory Chudnovsky. Other enduring features have been "Goings on About Town", a listing of cultural and entertainment events in New York, and "The Talk of the Town", a miscellany of brief pieces—frequently humorous, whimsical or eccentric vignettes of life in New York—written in a breezily light style, or feuilleton, although in recent years the section often begins with a serious commentary. For many years, newspaper snippets containing amusing errors, unintended meanings or badly mixed metaphors ("Block That Metaphor") have been used as filler items, accompanied by a witty retort. There is no masthead listing the editors and staff. And despite some changes, the magazine has kept much of its traditional appearance over the decades in typography, layout, covers and artwork. The magazine was acquired by Advance Publications, the media company owned by Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr., in 1985. Ross was succeeded as editor by William Shawn (1951–87), followed by Robert Gottlieb (1987–92) and Tina Brown (1992–98). Among the important nonfiction authors who began writing for the magazine during Shawn's editorship were Dwight Macdonald, Kenneth Tynan, and Hannah Arendt; to a certain extent all three authors were controversial, Arendt the most obviously so (her ''Eichmann in Jerusalem'' reportage appeared in the magazine before it was published as a book), but in each case Shawn proved an active champion. Brown's nearly six-year tenure attracted more controversy than Gottlieb's or even Shawn's, thanks to her high profile (Shawn, by contrast, had been an extremely shy, introverted figure) and the changes which she made to a magazine that had retained a similar look and feel for the previous half-century. She introduced color to the editorial pages (several years before ''The New York Times'') and photography, with less type on each page and a generally more modern layout. More substantively, she increased the coverage of current events and hot topics such as celebrities and business tycoons, and placed short pieces throughout "Goings on About Town", including a racy column about nightlife in Manhattan. A new letters-to-the-editor page and the addition of authors' bylines to their "Talk of the Town" pieces had the effect of making the magazine more personal. The current editor of ''The New Yorker'' is David Remnick, who succeeded Brown in 1998. Tom Wolfe wrote about the magazine: "The ''New Yorker'' style was one of leisurely meandering understatement, droll when in the humorous mode, tautological and litotical when in the serious mode, constantly amplified, qualified, adumbrated upon, nuanced and renuanced, until the magazine's pale-gray pages became High Baroque triumphs of the relative clause and appository modifier".〔Tom Wolfe, "Foreword: Murderous Gutter Journalism," in ''Hooking Up.'' New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2000.〕 Joseph Rosenblum, reviewing Ben Yagoda's ''About Town'', a history of the magazine from 1925 to 1985, wrote, "... ''The New Yorker'' did create its own universe. As one longtime reader wrote to Yagoda, this was a place 'where Peter DeVries ... was forever lifting a glass of Piesporter, where Niccolò Tucci (in a plum velvet dinner jacket) flirted in Italian with Muriel Spark, where Nabokov sipped tawny port from a prismatic goblet (while a Red Admirable perched on his pinky), and where John Updike tripped over the master's Swiss shoes, excusing himself charmingly". As far back as the 1940s the magazine's commitment to fact-checking was already well known. Yet the magazine played a role in a literary scandal and defamation lawsuit over two 1990s articles by Janet Malcolm, who wrote about Sigmund Freud's legacy. Questions were raised about the magazine's fact-checking process.〔(Carmody, Deidre. "Despite Malcolm Trial, Editors Elsewhere Vouch for Accuracy of Their Work." ) ''The New York Times''. May 30, 1993.〕 As of 2010, ''The New Yorker'' employs 16 fact checkers.〔Craig Silverman: (Inside the World's Largest Fact Checking Operation. A conversation with two staffers at Der Spiegel ) ''Columbia Journalism Review'', April 9, 2010.〕 In July 2011, the magazine was sued for defamation in United States district court for a July 12, 2010 article written by David Grann,〔Julia Filip, ("Art Analyst Sues ''The New Yorker''" ) Courthouse News Service (July 1, 2011).〕〔Dylan Byers, ("Forensic Art Expert Sues ''New Yorker'' – Author Wants $2 million for defamation over David Grann piece" ), ''Adweek'', June 30, 2011.〕 but the case was summarily dismissed.〔(11 Civ. 4442 (JPO) ''Peter Paul Biro v. ... David Grann ...'' ), United States District Court – Southern District of New York〕〔("Art Authenticator Loses Defamation Suit Against the New Yorker ), by Albert Samaha, ''Village Voice'' blog, August 5, 2013.〕 Since the late 1990s, ''The New Yorker'' has used the Internet to publish current and archived material. It maintains a website with some content from the current issue (plus exclusive web-only content). Subscribers have access to the full current issue online, as well as a complete archive of back issues viewable as they were originally printed. In addition, ''The New Yorkers cartoons are available for purchase online. A digital archive of back issues from 1925 to April 2008 (representing more than 4,000 issues and half a million pages) has also been issued on DVD-ROMs and on a small portable hard drive. More recently, an iPad version of the current issue of the magazine has been released. In its November 1, 2004 issue, the magazine for the first time endorsed a presidential candidate, choosing to endorse Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W. Bush.〔("The Talk of the Town" (November 1, 2004) )〕 This was continued in 2008 when the magazine endorsed Barack Obama over John McCain,〔("The Talk of the Town" (October 13, 2008) )〕 and in 2012 when it endorsed Obama over Mitt Romney.〔("The Talk of the Town" ) (October 29 and November 5, 2012).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The New Yorker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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